A Comparison Study of Chemical Compositions and Sources of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Hanoi

We simultaneously collected 85 pairs of 24-h PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples from a new urban area in Hanoi, Vietnam, analyzed their chemical compositions with particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) ion chromatography (IC) to obtain input data for source apportionment via positive matrix factorization (PMF). Sulfate, ammonium, black carbon (BC) composed the majority mass both size fractions, PMF models clearly differentiated contribution long-range transport (LRT) aerosols, which accounted more than two-thirds measured PM-bound sulfate ammonium concentrations, those six situ sources, viz., resuspended road dust, primary vehicular emissions, coal fly ash, biomass burning construction sea salt. Whereas LRT particulate emissions mainly occurred PM1.0, dust biomass-burning ash tended appear PM1.0-2.5; hence, we can characterize anthropogenic this by examining profile rather PM2.5. Additionally, air masses inland trajectories originating northern China countries northwest southwest Vietnam contained sulfate, BC that passed over East Sea. Finally, aerosols exhibited high acidity but neutrality